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¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ýÈ° ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹Ù²Ù¾î¾ß ÇÒ±î?  ±³È² ¼ºÇÏÀÇ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ½º½ÂÀ̴̼ø ¿äÇÑ ¹Ù¿À·Î 2¼¼²²¼­´Â ȸĢ ¡°»ý¸íÀÇ º¹À½¡±(Evangelium Vitae) , ±³È²±³¼­ ¡°ÁÖ´ÔÀÇ ³¯¡±(Dies Domini), ±×¸®°í ±³È²±Ç°í ¡°¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ±³È¸¡±(Ecclesia in America) ¿Í °°Àº ¹®¼­¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ °¡´Ùµë°í ÀüÇϽŠ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÁ÷ Áú¹®À̳ª Åä·Ð, ÇൿÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ ´õ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ±³È²¼ºÇÏÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÇÁ¦ Áß º°¹Ý ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ ºÐ¾ß´Â ÅõÀÚ¶ó´Â ÆíÄ¡¾ÊÀº ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ½ÄÆ÷Æ®Æú¸®¿À ¹®Á¦¿¡ ºÎ´ÚÄ¡¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¡°Mater si, Magistra no¡± (¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â yes, ±³»ç´Â no)¶ó´Â ÇÕâ¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.

 

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±×·¯¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô Å丶½º ¼ºÀÎÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§, Áï ¡°½ÇõÀû ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ ¸¶Áö¸· ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î¼­ °øµ¿¼±À» ÁöÇâÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ, ¿ì¸®°¡ È®°íÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù¡±°í ÇÑ ¸»À» ¾î¶»°Ô ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ °ÍÀΰ¡?  ´ëü·Î ´äÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸Å¹ø °áÁ¤À» ³»¸± ¶§¸¶´Ù ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î¼­ °øµ¿¼±À» ¶°¿Ã·Á¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§, ¿ì¸® ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀû, À°Ã¼Àû, µµ´öÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿µÀûÀÎ ÇູÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÅõÀÚ¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?

 

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 °ø¾÷ÀÌµç ³ó¾÷À̵ç, »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ¿î¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é ÀÌ´Â Á¤´çÇÏ°í            ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÌ´Ù.  ±×·¯³ª »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ Á¦´ë·Î È°¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ³ëµ¿±âȸ³ª »çȸÀÇ ºÎÀÇ È®´ë¶ó´Â °á°ú¿Í ¹«°üÇÏ°Ô ¾ò¾îÁö´Â ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³ëµ¿±âȸ³ª »çȸÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ ÀúÇØÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ´Â ºñÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ ÅõÀÚ¶ó°í ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ³ëµ¿±âȸ³ª »çȸÀÇ ºÎÀÇ È®´ë¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¾ÇÇÑ ÂøÃë, Åõ±â, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°£ÀÇ ¿¬´ë¸¦ ´ÜÀý½ÃÅ°´Â °Íµµ ¿ª½Ã ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù.

 

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µÎ¹ø° Æó´ÜÀº ÅõÀÚÇÒ ±â¾÷À» ¾î¶»°Ô »ç·Á±í°Ô ¼±Á¤ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ°¡¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ±³È²¼ºÇϲ²¼­ ¿øÄ¢À» Á¦½ÃÇϼ̴Ù. ¡°´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ±â¾÷º¸´Ù ÇÑ ±â¾÷À» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª µµ´öÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹®È­ÀûÀÎ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ´Ù.¡±  ±×°¡ ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÐ °ÍÀº Áø½Ç, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò, ¼±ÇÔ, ±×¸®°í °øµ¿ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» À§ÇÑ Å¸ÀΰúÀÇ Ä£±³°¡ ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ ¼±Åðú ÀúÃà ¹× ÅõÀÚ¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â »ýÈ° ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â Çʿ伺À̾ú´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¸»·Î Çϸé, ÅõÀÚ´ë»óÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Á¦´ë·Î ÀÌÇصǴ °øµ¿¼±ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÅõÀÚ°áÁ¤ ½Ã¿¡ ´ÜÁö ÀÌÀ͸¸À» »ý°¢ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿äÇÑ ¹Ù¿À·Î 2¼¼²²¼­ Á¦½ÃÇϼ̵íÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ ÅõÀÚÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷ÀÇ  Á¾¾÷¿øÀÇ º¹Áö, ¼ÒºñÀÚ Åµµ¿Í »ýÈ°¹æ½Ä, ȯ°æ¹®Á¦, Àηù»ýÅÂÇÐÀÇ µµ´öÀû Á¶°Ç°ú °°Àº ¿©·¯°¡Áö¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. º¹ÀÚ ¿äÇÑ ¹Ù¿À·Î2¼¼´Â ¡°»ý¸íÀÇ º¹À½¡±¿¡¼­ º¸´Ù Áý¿äÇÏ°Ô °°Àº °üÁ¡À» ÇÇ·ÂÇϼ̴Ù. ¡°ÇѸ¶µð·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ°¡ »õ·Î¿î »ýÈ°¹æ½ÄÀ» ÅÃÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â ¿ë±â¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹®È­Àû º¯È­°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®È­Àû º¯È­´Â °³ÀÎÀû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­, ¶Ç´Â °¡Á·À̳ª »çȸ ±×¸®°í ±¹Á¦Àû Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ °¡Ä¡°ü¿¡¼­ ¿ì·¯³ª¿À´Â ½ÇÁúÀû ¼±ÅÃÀ» ¶æÇÕ´Ï´Ù.  ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ °¡Ä¡¶õ ¼ÒÀ¯º¸´Ù´Â Á¸Àç, ¹°Áúº¸´Ù´Â »ç¶÷À» ÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.¡±  ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½ÇÁúÀû ¼±Åÿ¡¼­ÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ°áÁ¤ÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖÀ»±î¿ä?

 

º¹ÀÚ ¿äÇÑ ¹Ù¿À·Î 2¼¼ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ °á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ËÅä°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÅõÀÚ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ÕÀú ÁֽĽÃÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀνÄÀ» ¹Ù²Ü ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÅõÀÚ¸¦ Ä«Áö³ëÀÇ ½½·Ô ¸Ó½Å, ¶Ç´Â ºñÀΰ£ÀûÀÌ¸ç ±â°èÀûÀÎ ÀÌÀÍÀÇ ¿øõÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çؼ­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ´ë½Å ¿ì¸®´Â ½ÃÀåÀÇ ÁøÁ¤¼ºÀÖ´Â ¸ñÀû, Áï °³ÀÎÀÌ »ý»êÀûÀÎ ÀÚº»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸÀÇ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ºÎÀÀÇϵµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ À׿©ÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ °¡Àå »ý»êÀûÀ¸·Î À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÕ´çÇÑ »ó´ë¿¡°Ô ÅõÀÚÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ÅõÀÚ¸¦ ´Ü±â µµ¹Úº¸´Ù´Â ƯÁ¤±â¾÷°úÀÇ Àå±âÀûÀÎ À¯´ë°ü°è·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®´Â ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ ¹ÂÃò¾ó Æݵ忡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÆݵåÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ÅõÀÚ°áÁ¤±ÇÀ» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡¼­ »©¾Ñ¾Æ¼­ Àü¹®°¡ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ¸Ã±â´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ °øµ¿¼±À» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ±Ùº»ÀûÀΠåÀÓÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â Áß´ëÇÑ ½Ç¼ö¸¦ ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹ÂÃò¾ó Æݵ带 ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ÅõÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕ´çÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ µû¶ó ¿î¿ëµÇ´Â Æݵ带 ¼±ÅÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °áÁ¤¿¡ À־ Àüº¸´Ù ´õ¿í ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸¿Í ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß ÇÔÀÌ ¸í¹éÇØÁ³´Ù. ±³È²¼ºÇϲ²¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº µµ´öÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹®È­Àû °áÁ¤À̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϽŴÙ. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý »ýÈ°¹®È­¸¦ ÀçÁ¤¸³ÇÏ°í, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ¿ì¸®»çȸÀÇ °øµ¿¼±À» ÀçÁ¤¸³ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× È°µ¿ÀÌ »ýÈ°ÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ Æı«ÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖ°¡ µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¹Àº °¡Å縯 ½ÅÀÚÀ̸鼭 ÅõÀÚÀÚµéÀº Æ÷¸£³ë³ª ³«Åµµ±¸¸¦ »ý»êÇÏ´Â ±â¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀÚ¸¦ ½ÅÁßÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ÇÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ÀÚÁ¦¿Í ºÐº°ÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù.  Á¾¾÷¿ø¿¡°Ô Àß ´ë¿ìÇÏ°í âÁ¶ÀÇ ¼±·®ÇÑ °ü¸®ÀÎÀ¸·Î È°µ¿Çϸ鼭µµ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤Çѿ屸¸¦ ÃæÁ·ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¿Ã¸®´Â ±â¾÷¿¡ ÅõÀÚÇϴ°ÍÀº ¾ó¸¶µçÁö °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¾÷À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í ÀÌ¿¡ ÅõÀÚÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿µ±¤½º·¯¿î °ú¾÷ÀÌ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ ±â»ç´Â ¿ø·¡ StAR(The St. Austin Review)ÁöÀÇ 2011³â 9/10¿ù ÆÇ¿¡ °ÔÀçµÈ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

 

Å©¸®½ºÅäÆÛ O. ºí·³ ¹Ú»ç(Dr. Christopher O. Blum)´Â ´º ÇÜÇÁ¼Å ¸Þ¸®¸Æ¿¡ ¼ÒÀçÇÑ Å丶½º ¸ð¾î ¹®°ú´ëÇÐÀÇ Æ¯º°¿¬±¸¿ø(Fellow) À̸鼭 ÇÐÀåÀ» ¿ªÀÓÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ºí·³ ¹Ú»çÀÇ ±ÛÀº ¼­±¸ÀÇ ¹®È­, Çö´ëÀ¯·´ÀÇ Áö¼ºÀÇ ¿ª»ç ÁÖ·Î °³Çõ°ú °è¸ù ¿¡ °üÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦, ±×¸®°í öÇÐÀÇ ¸î°¡Áö ¹®Á¦µéÀ» ÁÖ·Î ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù.  ±×´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º¾î Ã¥À» ¹ø¿ªÇÑ µÎ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

°è¸ùÀÇ ºñÆò: ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ¹ÝÇõ¸í ÀüÅë°ú ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÂüµÇ¸ç À¯ÀÏÇÑ ºÎ¿¡ °üÇÑ ±Ûµé: °¡Á·°ú °æÁ¦, »çȸ¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¹®µé

 

 

 

April 27, 2012

by Christopher Blum

It is now twenty years since the publication of Centesimus Annus, yet only halting steps have been made towards an adequate reception of it. In his concluding remarks to that great encyclical, the Holy Father warned that the Church¡¯s social teaching was no mere theory, ¡°but above all else a basis and a motivation for action.¡± For two decades, however, discussions about the encyclical have remained largely theoretical. Did Blessed John Paul II baptize the free market in Centesimus? Should the encyclical be seen as evidence of his economic liberalism? Questions such as these are interesting, and per- haps even pressing, but they do not cut the document at the joints. When speaking to the West, the Holy Father admonished us to change our habits of consumerism and to seek the authentic human good through concrete actions. He even told us that this ¡°may mean making important changes in established life-styles¡±.

How ought we to change the way we live? Here John Paul II was his own best commentator, refining and extending his message in documents such as Evangelium Vitae, Dies Domini, and Ecclesia in America. Yet there is still more need for inquiry, discussion, and action. In particular, one area of the Holy Father¡¯s concern that has received scant attention is the uncomfortable issue of investment. When it comes to our stock portfolios, we are all too ready to join the chorus of Mater si, Magistra no.

The financial world of the twenty-first century is daunting in its complexity. Since abandoning the gold standard in the last century, wealth, or rather money, has taken seemingly limitless forms. Amidst such confusion, how are we to evaluate the moral integrity of our investments? While the application may be difficult, the relevant principles are clear enough. The object of this essay is to explore these truths. In the end, they reduce to the two premises of a syllogism. ¡°Nothing stands firm¡±, St. Thomas teaches us, ¡°with regard to the practical reason, unless it be directed to the last end which is the common good.¡± ¡°The decision to invest in one place rather than another,¡± adds the Holy Father, ¡°is always a moral and cultural choice¡±. From these two premises it follows that if we wish our investments to ¡°stand firm¡±, that is, to be morally defensible, they must be directed to the common good. Let us take up the two premises in order before exploring the consequences of the conclusion.

The phrase ¡°common good¡± is often used, but little understood. Moreover, it points to a subject of great theological depth,

for in the last analysis the common good is God. Still, for our present concern, the Catholic tradition is sufficiently plain. We should first notice that the common good spoken of by St. Thomas as the foundation of our moral life extends beyond the material or economic plain. Indeed, any adequate understanding of the common good assigns wealth a minor role within the goods shared and sought by men as their end. Above and beyond wealth are health, the moral virtues, friendship, the speculative and theological virtues, and finally, God. The more truly human is the good, the more important a part of the common good it is. Consider John Paul II: ¡°It is not wrong to want to live better; what is wrong is a style of life which is presumed to be better when it is directed towards ¡®having¡¯ rather than ¡®being,¡¯ and which wants to have more, not in order to be more but in order to spend life in enjoyment as an end in itself.¡± This distinction between having and being mirrors the distinction, as old as Socrates, between goods external to man and goods proper to or within man. The latter, the goods of being, are better than the former, the goods of having. They can also be more perfectly shared, which is what makes them more important parts of the common good. Houses and cars, shoes and wine can only be shared imperfectly, but, as Leo XIII affirmed, ¡°virtue is the common inheritance of man, attainable equally by the humblest and by the mightiest, by the rich and the poor.¡±

St. Thomas speaks of the common good as the ¡°common happiness¡± and ¡°the common good of justice and peace¡±. Yet happiness is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, so the common good must be the virtuous activity of the community. Justice involves giving men what they are owed, that is, the respect for their dignity as rational creatures, and peace is the tranquility of order, so the common good must involve a kind of order in which society attempts to put first what is owed to man in his dignity as a ration- al creature. Thus John Paul II says of human rights that ¡°the source and synthesis of these rights is religious freedom, understood as the right to live in the truth of one¡¯s faith and in conformity with one¡¯s transcendent dignity as a person.¡±

How then are we to take St. Thomas¡¯s teaching that ¡°nothing stands firm with regard to the practical reason, unless it be directed to the last end which is the common good¡±? In general, the answer is that each one of our choices must be able to be referred to the common good, rightly understood, as its last end. We must be able to intend the material, physical, moral, and spiritual well- being of our neighbor in each of our concrete decisions. How is such a doctrine to be applied to investment?

To answer this question, we must first determine the nature of investment and ask whether it is a good thing at all. Investment is the provision of capital, that is, the resources required by human labor in order more effectively to provide for our material needs. When we invest, we transform our excess wealth into capital. This kind of productive savings is in itself a necessary part of human material progress. In the twelfth century, a period of tremendous material advancement, investment took the form of using extra resources to clear new land for the plow or to build a larger barn or walled garden. In our day, investment generally involves sending our extra wealth to a joint-stock corporation, which recognizes our ownership of its capital in the form of shares of stock. In so far as our investments provide more capital, they are a good thing, as Leo XIII indicated in Rerum Novarum: ¡°Each needs the other complete- ly: neither capital can do without labor, nor labor without capital.¡±

John Paul II seems to have been even more confident that this kind of investment is good, speaking repeatedly of the importance of providing the means, the capital, that will allow people to ¡°take their place in an effective and humanly dignified way within a productive system in which work is truly central.¡± He even spoke of the role of ¡°initiative and entrepreneurial ability¡± in our present economy as a development that ¡°should be viewed carefully and favourably.¡±

With these principles in mind and Centesimus Annus before us, a positive doctrine of investment may be affirmed. When we decide to invest our extra wealth in productive capital rather than consuming it for our own enjoyment, we provide opportunities for our fellow men to develop their talents and virtues through their work. The stock market, therefore, is the means by which individuals may easily and effectively transform their extra wealth into productive capital. The profit that follows from such investments is a legitimate effect of our initial decision to dedicate our wealth to the advancement of society. Let us go still further in our praise of investment. Americans are notoriously guilty of spending their money on fleeting pleasures and vain amusements that contribute little or nothing to the long-term advancement of our society. Were we to consume less and invest more, we would arguably be improving our moral lives by acting more with an eye to the common good and less to our private pleasures. We would, of course, improve our moral lives still more by giving alms to the poor or exercising the virtue of liberality by giving the gift of hospitality to our family and friends. Yet it remains true that investment has a more positive character than mere personal consumption.

It remains for us to consider the obvious abuses that damage and even cripple our investment decisions, and which, in the long run, prevent our investments from contributing to what Benedict XVI has called ¡°integral human development¡± (Caritas et Veritate). These abuses fall into two broad categories: the improper use of the stock market and the poor choice of investments.

As to the first, the Holy Father has set out the principle on the basis of which it may be understood: ¡°Ownership of the means of production, whether in industry or agriculture, is just and legitimate if it serves useful work. It becomes illegitimate, however, when it is not utilized or when it serves to impede the work of others, in an effort to gain a profit which is not the result of the overall expansion of work and the wealth of society, but rather is the result of curbing them or of illicit exploitation, speculation or the breaking of the solidarity among working people.¡±12 Since to own shares of a joint-stock corporation is to own the means of production, it should not be doubted that this paragraph is meant to lead us to an examination of conscience. The passage clearly points to the abuse of seeking profits through means other than those which promote human development. Our most common failing in this regard, it seems, is to treat the stock market as a glorified casino. When we use the stock market to gain profits primarily through the clever manipulation of money we are committing the abuse of speculation. Since the purpose of the stock market is to allow private individuals to contribute to the accumulation of capital and through that to the development of society, speculation is an abuse. The various financial scandals and crises of the past decades surely suggest that many investors habitually abuse the stock market. What is badly needed at this point is serious moral reflection upon the common business practices used in the financial services industry in order to determine whether certain forms of investment are deserving of the name.

The second abuse concerns our discrete choices to invest in this corporation or that one. Let us recall the Holy Father¡¯s principle: ¡°The decision to invest in one place rather than another is always a moral and cultural choice.¡± What he has in mind here is the ¡°necessity to create life-styles in which the quest for truth, beauty, goodness and communion with others for the sake of common growth are the factors which determine consumer choices, savings and investments.¡±14 In other words, our decision to invest here rather than there should be made with an eye to the common good, rightly understood. We should pick our investments not simply with a view to profit, but also with respect to the concerns laid out by John Paul II: the good of the employees of the firms in which our investments make us part-owners, the problem of ¡°consumer attitudes and life-styles . . . which are objectively improper¡±, the ¡°ecological question¡±, and the ¡°moral conditions for an authentic ¡®human ecology¡¯¡±. In Evangelium Vitae, Blessed John Paul II repeated these same points, with still more insistence: ¡°In a word, we can say that the cultural change which we are calling for demands from everyone the courage to adopt a new life-style, consisting in making practical choices—at the personal, family, social and international level—on the basis of a correct scale of values: the primacy of being over having, of the person over things.¡± Can it be doubted that this change in our practical choices is to include our investment decisions?

It remains to examine a few practical consequences of Blessed John Paul II¡¯s teaching. With respect to our way of investing, we should first change our view of the stock market. It should not be seen as a slot machine or an impersonal and mechanical source of profits. Rather, we should consider the market¡¯s authentic purpose, which is to allow individuals to serve the legitimate need of society for productive capital. If we see our investments as a service to society by putting our extra resources in the hands of those best suited to make them most productive, then, it seems, we would be more likely to think of investment as a long-term partnership with particular corporations instead of short-term gambling. Moreover, we might begin to look with skepticism at the majority of mutual funds. The purpose of these funds is to take investment decisions out of our hands and put them in the hands of professionals. Yet if we thus abdicate our duty to pursue the common good, we have failed gravely in our fundamental responsibilities. If we are to use mutual funds, we should choose those managed in conformity with the proper understanding of investment.

Finally, with respect to the choice of our particular investments, it is certain that we need to exercise more study and care than before. The Holy Father insists that these decisions are moral and cultural choices. He also calls us to work to rebuild the culture of life, which is to say to rebuild the common good of our society. It seems evident that we ought not choose to become an owner of a business whose activities destroy the culture of life. Many Catholic investors, therefore, already scrupulously avoid investing in corporations that produce pornography and abortifacient birth-control devices. Still more restraint and discernment is called for. It is possible to invest in corporations that make an adequate profit by fulfilling authentic human needs while treating their employees well and acting as good stewards of Creation. It is an honorable task to discover these companies and, by investing in them, to join them in their work.

The article was originally published in the September/October 2011 edition of StAR (The St. Austin Review)

Dr. Christopher O. Blum is Fellow and Dean at the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts in Merrimack, New Hampshire. Dr. Blum¡¯s writings have grown from his reflection upon the tasks of teaching such subjects as Western Civilization, various themes in modern European intellectual history—notably the Reformation and the Enlightenment—and a number of topics in philosophy. He has published two volumes of translations from the French: Critics of the Enlightenment: Readings in the French Counterrevolutionary Tradition and The True and Only Wealth of Nations: Essays on the Family, Economy, and Society.


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